Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 46 to 50.

The sound of music has changed as society has changed over the years, thus the change in the sound of music is really a reflection of our cultural evolution. In the beginning humans made music that closely mimicked the sounds they heard around them in nature in terms of tones and repetitions.

In Indigenous cultures, music played a role in ceremonies and traditions. Traditional instruments were played, and lyrics were often strongly linked to nature. The sounds of music reflected this close association that indigenous cultures had with the land and its wildlife. Over time, modern society has lost this connection. This is reflected in the changing sound of the music and in the changing lyrics of songs that are sung. With time, more musical instruments were developed and played together, which resulted in more sophisticated and complex sounds being produced. The beats, rhythms, tempo and lyrics of songs all changed along with the change in cultures.

Although some indigenous cultures such as many of the African tribes, Native American tribes, South American ethnic people, and Australian aborigines still retain the playing of their indigenous music, there have been influences from the western world incorporated into some of the music. Features of the sound of music have changed over the decades. The sound has definitely gotten louder. The pace and rhythm in many cases have become faster, possibly reflecting the fast pace of the modern world that we live in today. However the feature of music bounciness (how spiky and energetic the music feels) has become less today when compared with the music of the1980s. Techno and reggae music are typical examples of what is known as bouncy music.

The sound of music has become more complex over history mainly due to the increased migration of people and their exposure to new elements. Today much of music has sounds with elements from more than one region. The increasing tendency for music artists to collaborate today is another reason we see more complexity and diversity in how music sounds.

(Adapted from https://sonicspace.org/)

The word “retain” in paragraph 3 could be best replaced by __________.